Following Buddha’s death in 483 BC, his closest followers (his disciple monks) took time off their preaching to compile his sermons (sutras) and his regulations (vinayas). In the old convention of Buddha, monks initially walked the countryside preaching and teaching for nine months of the year and went to sit out the monsoon period in a retreat for three months.
These retreats became monasteries and temples. This withdrawal into monasteries was important in the development of various interpretations of Buddha’s doctrines and in due course led to the formation of different sects which gained popularity in different parts of Asia.
There are three foremost Buddhist sects: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana or Tantric Buddism.
Theravada Buddhism is the principal sect in Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand and is the sect that stays most faithful to Buddha’s original teachings. Theravada Buddhism teaches that the path to the attainment of personal Nirvana is the aim of life. It is a very individualistic religion in that everybody is alone on their own path to enlightenment.
Mahayana Buddism grew into the largest sect and spread along the Silk Road from India through China to east Asia beginning in about 200 BC. Mahayana Buddhists worship Buddha and the Buddhist saints (bodhisattvas – meaning ‘wisdom beings’).
Bodhisattvas are beings that restrain themselves from attaining Nirvana (and therefore leaving the wheel of life or cycle of birth, death and reincarnation) so that they may help others achieve Nirvana, which is a major difference between it and Theravada Buddhism.
Mahayana Buddhism is more readily absorbed by different cultures than the other forms which accounts for it having spread so far. The Buddhist emperor Ashoka (272-232 BC) gave Mahayana a huge boost in popularity by despatching missionaries to Sri Lanka, south-east Asia and China from where it was taken to Korea and Japan in the Sixth Century anno domini.
Zen Buddhism grew in popularity in Japan and China in the Seventh Century. Zen Buddhism is a variant of Mahayana Buddhism and teaches that Nirvana can be achieved through mental conditioning and meditation.
Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism arose in the Seventh Century as well and is most common in Tibet and Mongolia. Vajrayana Buddhism tries to identify the initiate with a visualized deity. Tantric cannon includes esoteric writings, teaching that meditation can engage the mind by the use of mantras (chants), mudras (hand gestures) and mandalas (visible icons). The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and temporal head of Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhists.
Buddhism reached its height of popularity in China during the T’ang dynasty in the Ninth Century, when it was partially suppressed by royal command. Likewise Zen attained its height of popularity in the Nineteen Century when the Japanese royal family switched to Shintoism taking many of the royal hangers-on with it. Buddhism declined in India as well in the Eighth Century because lots of its concepts were absorbed into Hinduism. Buddism was to all intents and purposes extinct in India by the Thirteenth Century.
Owen Jones, the author of this piece writes on many subjects but is at present concerned with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our web site entitled Celebrating Easter
The Ancient Chinese Lunar Calendar
Prior to their adoption of the Western solar calendar scheme, the Chinese almost wholly followed their own lunar calendar for determining the times of planting and harvesting and festival days. Although people in China today use the Western calendar for almost all business, governmental and practical matters of daily life, the old method still serves as the basis for determining many seasonal holidays. This coexistence of two calendar schemes has long been accepted by the people of China.
However, this does not only happen in China, it also occurs in most other Eastern countries, like Thailand, and most Arabic countries.
A lunar month is determined by measuring the period of time needed for the moon to finish its full cycle of 29 and a half days, a standard that makes the lunar year a full eleven days shorter than its solar counterpart. This difference is made up every 19 years by the addition of seven lunar months.
The 12 lunar months are further divided into 24 solar divisions characterized by the four seasons and times of heat and cold, all of which bear a close relationship to the annual cycle of agricultural work.
The Chinese calendar – very much like the Hebrew calendar- is a combination of the solar and lunar calendars in that it attempts to have its years coincide with the tropical year and its months coincide with the synodic months. It is not surprising that a few similarities exist between the Chinese and the Hebrew calendar.
For instance, an ordinary year has 12 months, a leap year has 13 months. An ordinary year has 353, 354, or 355 days, a leap year has 383, 384, or 385 days. When determining what a Chinese year will be like, one needs to make a couple of astronomical calculations.
First of all, you have to work out the dates for the new moons. In these instances, a new Moon is the completely black Moon (that is to say, when the Moon is in conjunction with the Sun), not the first visible crescent, as is used by the Islamic and Hebrew calendars. The date of a new moon is then the first day of a new month.
The reason why the majority of countries which had their own calendars had to dump them in favour of the Western, Julian calendar that we use today, is business. First the British and then the Americans ran international business and they used the Gregorian calendar. Anyone who wanted to work with them had to follow suit. This is why national policy often varies from local custom in Third World countries.
The government desires to trade on the International markets, but the ordinary family in the country can not. So, the government adopted the Gregorian calendar but the people only pay lip service to it. I live in Thailand and people here do not even use the 24 hour day divided into two halves. Their day has four sections of six hours each and the first part starts at 6AM, not midnight. Therefore, they have four 4 o’clocks a day, for example but no 7 o’clocks. They are also 543 years ahead of us, although this is more common, for instance in Muslim countries.
Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with researching Franklin planner pages. If you have an interest in calendars, organizers or promotional calendars, please go over to our web site now at Promotional Desk Calendars
categories: calendars,astronomy,time,holidays,history,current events,politics,sociology,science,religion,commentary,other,uncategorized,business